托福的阅读文章是截取于大学级的文章的片段，用来引入一个学科或者介绍一个主题，因此相信很多考托福的学生都觉得托福的阅读文章读起来枯燥无味，并且难度较大，感觉每个句子之间的关系都不大。在做题的时候，Z大的问题莫过于忘记了自己已经读过的句子或者段落，这也是做文章总结题做大的病端。其实托福文章是有章可循的，今天济南托福培训培顿教育就带来大家来看看托福阅读的文章是怎么展开的，让我们对托福文章有进一步的了解和认识。

在托福官方指南中，ETS给出了托福阅读常见的四种结构，即classification、comparison/contrast、cause/effect和problem-solution四类文章，下面济南托福培训培顿教育就先来看一看：problem-solution结构的文章。

文章首先提出问题，然后提供证据解决问题。

典型的文章是The Origins of Cetaceans，在文章开头的第一段就出现这样的内容：Extinct  but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

首先对阐述了问题，怎么把陆上行走的鲸和海里的鲸联系起来？随后给出答案，直到近期，陆上鲸类和海洋鲸的过渡化石才被发现，所以到这里同学们就可以预判了，下面的内容就是怎么发现的过渡类化石，过渡类化石的特征现象，以及这些化石怎么把陆上鲸类和海洋鲸联系起来的。

所以我们发现第二段的开头是一项发现Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale. 

在紧接着的第三段是这个化石的特征及这个化石在演化过程中所代表的角色，The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans. The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales. 这是对发现化石的特征描述。 

It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.结尾是对化石研究所得出的结论，说明Pakicetus是陆生动物。

前面介绍的陆生化石，接下来的第四段的发现的是海洋鲸的化石，说明陆生鲸类已经演化成海洋鲸类了，Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by theTethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. 同样开头介绍的是所发现化石的地点和特征，Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.Z后得出结论Basilosaurus已经是完全的海洋鲸了，但是拥有已经退化的后腿。

已经介绍完陆生和海洋鲸的化石，那么同学们可以预判，下面的发现应该是介于陆上和海洋之间的化石，这样才能把陆上和海洋鲸的演化联系起来，所以Z后一段的发现是这样的An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan.The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans ("the walking whale that swam") lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. It lived around 3 million years after Pakicetus but 9 million before Basilosaurus.发现的化石Ambulocetus natans是介于前面两项化石的中间的，填补了演化上的空白。 It was undoubtedly a whale that linked life on land with life at sea.Z后得出研究结论Ambulocetus 把陆上和海洋生命联系起来。至此整片文章的结构就很清楚了。济南托福培训培顿教育认为了解了文章的结构对于接下来文章会有预判，会有效减少文章阅读的心理压力。