当前位置： 首页 >> 英语学习 >> 【托福培训】托福阅读中的逻辑关系——因果关系
我想问问同学们，托福阅读句子中的逻辑关系大家都注意到了吗？有同学愤愤不平：怎么没有注意到？！比如说因果逻辑关系，我现在可不是只认识“because”、“so”、“since”、“as”这些表示因果逻辑的连词，我还积累了“due to”、“thanks to”、“so...that...”这样表示因果逻辑的词组，就连动词或动词词组“cause”、“lead to”、“result from／in”我也记住了。但为什么我还是不能把逻辑理解到位呢？那么今天沈阳托福培训培顿教育就以因果逻辑为例带大家探索一些句子简化题中的因果逻辑吧！
因果逻辑
1. because, so, since, as, so...that...,due to...这些一定赤果果的因果逻辑大家一定不能忽视
Pioneer species — those that occur only in the earliest stages of colonization — tend to have high rates of invasion because they produce very large numbers of reproductive propagules (seeds, spores, and so on) and because they have an efficient means of dispersal (normally, wind). （TPO 32-1 Plant Colonization）
○The seeds of pioneer species are usually carried by the wind to fertile sites, where they reproduce very efficiently.
○Pioneer species are successful invaders because they produce lots of seeds that are dispersed effectively.
○Pioneer species produce their largest numbers of propagules during the earliest stages of their colonization.
○Pioneer species reproduce very quickly and efficiently because they produce very large number of seeds.
原句很明显有两个because的从句，和主干形成因果关系，句子主干是先锋种有高入侵率，因为它们能生产…而且有传播方式。
从选项来看，有非常明显地因果连接词的选项是2和4，同学在看四个选项时可重点关注2和4的因果逻辑表示是否正确。沈阳托福培训培顿教育发现只有2把完整的因果逻辑表达正确的。
2. cause, lead to, result from/in, give rise to, be responsible for, attribute...to..., ascribe... to..., contribute...to..., stimulate, support...以上这些动词或动词短语也可表示因果关系
The frequency with which certain simple motifs appear in these oldest sites has led rock-art researchers to adopt a descriptive term—the Panaramitee style—a label which takes its name from the extensive rock pavements at Panaramitee North in desert South Australia, which are covered with motifs pecked into the surface. （TPO 23-3 Rock Art of the Australian Aborigines）
○The oldest rock art sites have simpler motifs than the best known sites of Panaramitee North.
○Because motifs primarily associated with the Panaramitee region are common in the oldest sites the term Panaramitee style has became the general term for rock art of this type.
○Because the Panaramitee style is so common in the older sites, researchers have described it most extensively.
○The motifs carved in the rocky surface if the Panaramitee region make up the oldest form of rock art discovered in Australia.
原句中有led to这个词组，暗示了因果关系，原句主要大意为一些简图案在一些旧址重复出现使研究人员引用了一个描述性术语：the Panaramitee style。
选项中2和4选项含有明显的因果逻辑词，同学们可以着重去判断这两个选项的因果逻辑是否正确，当然1，3的两个选项也需要去阅读，关注是否隐含因果逻辑关系。从四个选项来看，只有2选项不仅正确保留因果逻辑，同时正确表述原句的主要信息。
3. 表示并列的连词and也可隐含因果逻辑关系
According to conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy and serves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeper breathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallow breathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom. （TPO 18-2 The Mystery of Yawning）
○It is the conventional theory that when people are bored or sleepy, they often experience a drop in blood oxygen levels due to their shallow breathing.
○The conventional theory is that people yawn when bored or sleepy because yawning raises blood oxygen levels, which in turn raises alertness.
○According to conventional theory, yawning is more likely to occur when people are bored or sleepy than when they are alert and breathing deeply.
○Yawning according to the conventional theory, is caused by boredom or lack of sleep and can be avoided through deeper breathing.
很多同学都觉得and只表示并列关系，确实and可以连接单个单词、短语和句子表示并列。但我们去分析and前后分别存在谓语动词的时候，可能存在因果关系。而在日常生活中，我们可以不用因果连接词或者相应的动词便可表示因果逻辑，比如I got up late this morning and I took a taxi to school. 很明显，and 连接一前一后的动作，隐含因果逻辑。
正如在以上这题句子简化题中，and前后的两个谓语动词的主语都是yawning，首先讲到打哈欠发生在人们困倦的时候，再讲打哈欠起到的作用是提高人们的警觉性。其实讲述的也是一前一后的两个打哈欠产生的动词，在人们困倦的时候，人们打哈欠，接着打哈欠就起到提升人们警觉性的作用。其实就是对为什么人们会在困倦时候打哈欠做了一个回答。所以这道题目2选项中的because并不是无中生有，反而是很好地作者暗含的逻辑表达了出来。
4. with，without， when等表示在存在的一种情况下发生某事，也连接成是一种因果关系
As among tribespeople, personal relationships and a careful weighing of character have always been crucial in a mercantile economy with little regulation, where one's word is one's bond and where informal ties of trust cement together an international trade network. （TPO 16-1 Trade and the Ancient Middle East）
○Tribes people were comfortable forming personal relationships with merchants, who, like them, were bound by their promises to one another.
○Because trade was not formally regulated, merchants were careful about whom they trusted and often conducted business with people they knew personality.
○While trade among merchants relied somewhat on regulation, among tribes people trade was based on personal relationships and careful character evaluation.
○Because tribes people were bound only by their promises to one another, personal relationships were formed only after careful weighing of character.
原句的主干很好抓，但是同学们做这题的错误率非常高。原句主干说对于个人关系和性格的衡量很重要，但要注意这种重要性事在没有管制的商业经济下，而这个经济前提也用两个定语从句做了进一步的说明，表达了之所以对于个人关系的性格的衡量重要，是因为当时的商业经济没有管制。如果意识到了这一点，相信正确答案2就不言而喻了。
当然除了以上几种常见的因果逻辑和隐含逻辑外，还有不少隐含因果逻辑，比如非谓语（分词、不定式）、虚拟条件句等，沈阳托福培训培顿教育建议同学们也可以自己多去挖掘下哦！
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